{"id":4816,"date":"2020-09-22T13:09:29","date_gmt":"2020-09-22T13:09:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/?page_id=4816"},"modified":"2020-10-08T15:06:58","modified_gmt":"2020-10-08T15:06:58","slug":"a-karst-landscape","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/zh\/landscape-of-joyce-country-and-western-lakes-region\/a-karst-landscape\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5361\u65af\u7279\u666f\u89c2"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><section class=\"vc_section vc_custom_1600782543166\"><section class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1597317250453 row-contains-padding-top row-contains-padding-bottom liquid-row-shadowbox-69d6293abab5f\"><div class=\"ld-container container\"><div class=\"row ld-row\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 liquid-column-69d6293abac65\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"   ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\"><div data-custom-animations=\"true\" data-ca-options='{\"triggerHandler\":\"inview\",\"animationTarget\":\".wpb_column\",\"duration\":700,\"delay\":100,\"easing\":\"easeOutQuint\",\"direction\":\"forward\",\"initValues\":[],\"animations\":[]}' class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1600773241033 liquid-row-shadowbox-69d6293abad18 vc_column-gap-35 vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-o-content-middle vc_row-flex\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6 liquid-column-69d6293abae2d\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"  ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\" translation-block\">A<br>\nKARST<br>\nLANDSCAPE<\/h2>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6 liquid-column-69d6293abaf8a\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"  ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_center  liquid_vc_single_image-69d6293accd45\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"519\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,&lt;svg xmlns%3D&#039;http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg&#039; viewBox%3D&#039;0 0 1024 682&#039;%2F&gt;\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-large ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" title=\"Clonbur-Limestone pavement L Mask2\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" data-src=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Clonbur-Limestone-pavement-L-Mask2-1024x682.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Clonbur-Limestone-pavement-L-Mask2-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Clonbur-Limestone-pavement-L-Mask2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Clonbur-Limestone-pavement-L-Mask2-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Clonbur-Limestone-pavement-L-Mask2-391x260.jpg 391w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Clonbur-Limestone-pavement-L-Mask2.jpg 1920w\" data-aspect=\"1.5014662756598\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid liquid-row-shadowbox-69d6293acce2d\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 liquid-column-69d6293accf7d\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"  ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\"><style>.ld_spacer_69d6293accfc8{height:100px;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"ld-empty-space ld_spacer_69d6293accfc8\"><span class=\"liquid_empty_space_inner\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/section><section class=\"vc_section vc_custom_1600782562102\"><section class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid liquid-row-shadowbox-69d6293acd14e\"><div class=\"ld-container container\"><div class=\"row ld-row\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3\/5 liquid-column-69d6293acd235\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"   ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\" translation-block\">There was a long period of time when the Irish landmass was lifted above sea level, meaning very limited sediment was deposited and extensive erosion of the exposed bedrock occurred. This is apparent when we look at the <em>limestone<\/em> bedrock and the <strong>karst<\/strong> landscape. <em>Limestone<\/em> is predominantly made of <em>calcite<\/em>, a mineral that dissolves in rain water due to its slightly acidic nature. When rain falls on <em>limestone<\/em>, it collects and starts to flow downhill, like on any other surface, but will eventually erode holes, known as <strong>sinkholes<\/strong>, into the bedrock. As more and more of the rock is dissolved, water collects and flows underground where it meets the water table, the level linked to sea level, at which all spaces in the bedrock are filled with standing water.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-2\/5 liquid-column-69d6293acd377\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"   ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_center  liquid_vc_single_image-69d6293add6cb\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"519\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,&lt;svg xmlns%3D&#039;http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg&#039; viewBox%3D&#039;0 0 1024 682&#039;%2F&gt;\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-large ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" title=\"Clonbur-Limestone pavement aerial\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" data-src=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Clonbur-Limestone-pavement-aerial-1024x682.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Clonbur-Limestone-pavement-aerial-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Clonbur-Limestone-pavement-aerial-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Clonbur-Limestone-pavement-aerial-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Clonbur-Limestone-pavement-aerial.jpg 1920w\" data-aspect=\"1.5014662756598\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1600776245416 liquid-row-shadowbox-69d6293add7d7\"><div class=\"ld-container container\"><div class=\"row ld-row\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-2\/5 liquid-column-69d6293add8f4\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"   ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_center  liquid_vc_single_image-69d6293aeeb87\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"681\" height=\"1024\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,&lt;svg xmlns%3D&#039;http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg&#039; viewBox%3D&#039;0 0 681 1024&#039;%2F&gt;\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-large ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" title=\"Pigeon hole cave, Cong Woods\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 681px) 100vw, 681px\" data-src=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Pigeon-hole-cave-Cong-Woods-681x1024.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Pigeon-hole-cave-Cong-Woods-681x1024.jpg 681w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Pigeon-hole-cave-Cong-Woods-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Pigeon-hole-cave-Cong-Woods-8x12.jpg 8w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Pigeon-hole-cave-Cong-Woods.jpg 853w\" data-aspect=\"0.6650390625\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3\/5 liquid-column-69d6293aeecc9\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"   ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\" translation-block\">Sometimes, the underground water reappears at the surface, due to the local topography, as <strong>springs<\/strong>. The longer the bedrock is exposed to water, the larger the sinkholes and underground galleries are. When the water table drops due to a drop in sea-level, the underground stream carves a way further down and the chamber where it used to flow becomes an open <strong>cave<\/strong>. In these caves, rainwater still passes down vertically from the ground above, carrying some of the calcite that has dissolved in it. This calcite precipitates to form towers of calcite; <strong>stalactites<\/strong>, which hang from the ceiling of caves and <strong>stalagmites<\/strong>, which precipitate up from the ground.<\/p>\n<p class=\" translation-block\">We have seen how the last Ice Age eroded and exposed large parts of Irish <em>limestone<\/em> to the elements. However, most of the karst landscape of Ireland is much more developed than the amount of erosion over the last 11,700 years would have allowed.&nbsp; In fact, the extent of the karst landscape indicates it is much older than 11,700 years and at the very least predates the Ice Ages that started just over 1 million years ago in Ireland. This is evidenced by some sediments found in the caves around Ireland which date back 35 million years ago to the <strong>Palaeogene<\/strong>. There are numerous karstic features to see and discover in the eastern half of our geopark project region, in particular around <a href=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/attractions\/cong\/\" target=\"_self\">Cong<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/attractions\/clonbur\/\" target=\"_self\">Clonbur<\/a>. There, a unique system of sinkholes and springs explain the modern flow of water between Lough Mask and Lough Corrib. This spring complex, which consists of a number of swallow holes at the lake shore and 4 to 5 springs around the town of Cong, is among the largest in the world in terms of its flow. There are also a number of caves to be explored, such as the Pigeon-hole in <a href=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/attractions\/cong\/\" target=\"_self\">Cong<\/a> and Pollatoomary in Killawalla. Pollatoomary Cave holds the record of being the deepest explored cave in Britain and Ireland.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1600776245416 liquid-row-shadowbox-69d6293aeee45\"><div class=\"ld-container container\"><div class=\"row ld-row\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3\/5 liquid-column-69d6293aeef1f\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"   ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\" translation-block\">The <em>limestone<\/em> pavement that appears along the shores of the three Loughs within our geopark region display a great variety of erosion patterns from both rain and lake water. These are described by Michael J Simms in various papers (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.habitas.org.uk\/holey_rocks\/\" target=\"_self\">http:\/\/www.habitas.org.uk\/holey_rocks\/<\/a>). Some of these erosion patterns were first described at Lough Mask and appear to be unique to the area. They are visible on the lough shores at <a href=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/attractions\/geosite-clonbur-woods-limestone-pavement\/\" target=\"_self\">Clonbur<\/a>, Dringeen, Inishmacatreer, Oughterard and <a href=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/attractions\/moore-hall-and-lough-carra\/172\/\" target=\"_self\">Moore hall<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-2\/5 liquid-column-69d6293aef048\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"   ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_center  liquid_vc_single_image-69d6293b0e080\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"519\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,&lt;svg xmlns%3D&#039;http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg&#039; viewBox%3D&#039;0 0 1024 681&#039;%2F&gt;\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-large ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" title=\"Clonbur-Limestone pavement2\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" data-src=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Clonbur-Limestone-pavement2-1024x681.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Clonbur-Limestone-pavement2-1024x681.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Clonbur-Limestone-pavement2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Clonbur-Limestone-pavement2-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Clonbur-Limestone-pavement2.jpg 1920w\" data-aspect=\"1.503671071953\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/section>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"A KARST LANDSCAPE There was a long period of time when the Irish landmass was...","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4589,"parent":4777,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4816","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>A Karst Landscape &#8212; 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