{"id":5736,"date":"2020-10-20T11:39:21","date_gmt":"2020-10-20T11:39:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/?page_id=5736"},"modified":"2025-04-18T10:21:21","modified_gmt":"2025-04-18T10:21:21","slug":"geology-101","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/zh\/the-geological-story\/geology-101\/","title":{"rendered":"Geology 101"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><section class=\"vc_section\"><section class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1597317250453 row-contains-padding-top row-contains-padding-bottom liquid-row-shadowbox-69d626f8768a1\"><div class=\"ld-container container\"><div class=\"row ld-row\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 liquid-column-69d626f8769e7\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"   ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\"><div data-custom-animations=\"true\" data-ca-options='{\"triggerHandler\":\"inview\",\"animationTarget\":\".wpb_column\",\"duration\":700,\"delay\":100,\"easing\":\"easeOutQuint\",\"direction\":\"forward\",\"initValues\":[],\"animations\":[]}' class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1602194113830 liquid-row-shadowbox-69d626f876acc vc_column-gap-35 vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-o-content-middle vc_row-flex\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-8 liquid-column-69d626f876c17\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"  ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h2>THE BASICS OF GEOLOGY<\/h2>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4 liquid-column-69d626f876d90\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"  ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_center  liquid_vc_single_image-69d626f886760\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"843\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,&lt;svg xmlns%3D&#039;http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg&#039; viewBox%3D&#039;0 0 947 1024&#039;%2F&gt;\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-large ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" title=\"Junior_cycle\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" data-src=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Junior_cycle-947x1024.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Junior_cycle-947x1024.jpg 947w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Junior_cycle-277x300.jpg 277w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Junior_cycle-scaled-11x12.jpg 11w\" data-aspect=\"0.9248046875\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><style>.ld_spacer_69d626f8867c2{height:100px;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"ld-empty-space ld_spacer_69d626f8867c2\"><span class=\"liquid_empty_space_inner\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid liquid-row-shadowbox-69d626f8868cb\"><div class=\"ld-container container\"><div class=\"row ld-row\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 liquid-column-69d626f8869fa\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"   ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\"><style>.geo-nav-sticky > li > a{font-weight:700;}.geo-nav-sticky li:not(:last-child):after{content:'\u2014';}.geo-nav-sticky li + li{margin-left:5px;}.geo-nav-sticky{background:#0098a0;}.geo-nav-sticky > li > a,.geo-nav-sticky ul > li > a{color:rgb(255, 255, 255);}.geo-nav-sticky > li > a:hover, .geo-nav-sticky ul > li > a:hover, .geo-nav-sticky li.is-active > a, .geo-nav-sticky li.current-menu-item > a{color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.81);}<\/style><div id=\"geo-nav-sticky\" class=\"lqd-custom-menu lqd-sticky-menu text-center geo-nav-sticky\" data-pin=\"true\" data-pin-options='{ \"offset\": \"[data-sticky-header] .mainbar-wrap.is-stuck, #wpadminbar\", \"duration\": \"docHeight\"  }' data-move-element='{ \"target\": \".vc_row\" }'>\n\t<ul class=\"reset-ul inline-nav\" id=\"geo-nav-sticky\">\n\t<li><a href=\"#ROCK_TYPES\" target=\"_self\" data-localscroll=\"true\" data-localscroll-options=\"{ &quot;offsetElements&quot;: &quot;[data-sticky-header] .mainbar-wrap, #wpadminbar, parent&quot; }\">ROCK TYPES<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#EARTH_STRUCTURE\" target=\"_self\" data-localscroll=\"true\" data-localscroll-options=\"{ &quot;offsetElements&quot;: &quot;[data-sticky-header] .mainbar-wrap, #wpadminbar, parent&quot; }\">STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#PLATE_TECTONICS\" target=\"_self\" data-localscroll=\"true\" data-localscroll-options=\"{ &quot;offsetElements&quot;: &quot;[data-sticky-header] .mainbar-wrap, #wpadminbar, parent&quot; }\">PLATE TECTONICS<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#WILSONS\" target=\"_self\" data-localscroll=\"true\" data-localscroll-options=\"{ &quot;offsetElements&quot;: &quot;[data-sticky-header] .mainbar-wrap, #wpadminbar, parent&quot; }\">WILSON'S CYCLE<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#GEOLOGICAL_TIME\" target=\"_self\" data-localscroll=\"true\" data-localscroll-options=\"{ &quot;offsetElements&quot;: &quot;[data-sticky-header] .mainbar-wrap, #wpadminbar, parent&quot; }\">GEOLOGICAL TIME<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#READ_MAP\" target=\"_self\" data-localscroll=\"true\" data-localscroll-options=\"{ &quot;offsetElements&quot;: &quot;[data-sticky-header] .mainbar-wrap, #wpadminbar, parent&quot; }\">READING GEOLOGICAL MAPS<\/a><\/li>\t<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/section><section id=\"ROCK_TYPES\" class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid liquid-row-shadowbox-69d626f886bbd\"><div class=\"ld-container container\"><div class=\"row ld-row\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 liquid-column-69d626f886dad\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"   ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\"><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid liquid-row-shadowbox-69d626f886e7a\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 liquid-column-69d626f886f7b\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"  ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h4><\/h4>\n<h4><strong>The rock types<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>There are 3 types of rock: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. They are all formed in different ways and have different characteristics that define them into the 3 types of rock. Knowing if a rock is igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic already gives us more information on how it formed. All 3 rock types can be linked by the rock cycle.<\/p>\n<p class=\" translation-block\">For more information about rocks and the rock cycle, visit <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gsi.ie\" target=\"_self\">Geological Survey Ireland\u2019s website.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<style>.ld_spacer_69d626f887059{height:100px;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"ld-empty-space ld_spacer_69d626f887059\"><span class=\"liquid_empty_space_inner\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid liquid-row-shadowbox-69d626f8870f0\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4 liquid-column-69d626f8871f7\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"  ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\"><style>.ld_content_box_69d626f887285 .fancy-box-header h3{color:rgb(0, 152, 160);}<\/style><div id=\"ld_content_box_69d626f887285\" class=\"fancy-box fancy-box-classic ld_content_box_69d626f887285\">\n\t\n\t<div class=\"cb-img-container mb-4\">\n\n\t\t<figure class=\"fancy-box-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1703\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,&lt;svg xmlns%3D&#039;http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg&#039; viewBox%3D&#039;0 0 2560 1703&#039;%2F&gt;\" class=\"attachment-full size-full ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" data-src=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Pillow-Basalt-Finny-scaled.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Pillow-Basalt-Finny-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Pillow-Basalt-Finny-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Pillow-Basalt-Finny-1024x681.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Pillow-Basalt-Finny-scaled-16x12.jpg 16w\" data-aspect=\"1.5032295948326\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t<\/div><!-- \/.cb-img-container -->\n\n\t<div class=\"fancy-box-contents\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"fancy-box-header\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-weight-semibold\" >Igneous Rocks<\/h3>\t\t\t<p>Igneous rocks form when hot liquid rock, called magma, cools. When the magma cools below the Earth&#8217;s surface, it cools slowly\u00a0forming large crystals and is known as an intrusive igneous rock e.g. granite. When magma reaches the Earth&#8217;s surface through a volcano, it is called lava and it cools quickly and has small crystals. Rocks formed by this process are known as extrusive igneous rock e.g. basalt.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div><!-- \/.fancy-box-header -->\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t<\/div><!-- \/.fancy-box-contents -->\n\t\n\t\t\n<\/div><!-- \/.fancy-box fancy-box-classes --><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4 liquid-column-69d626f8992e6\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"  ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\"><style>.ld_content_box_69d626f89938d .fancy-box-header h3{color:rgb(0, 152, 160);}<\/style><div id=\"ld_content_box_69d626f89938d\" class=\"fancy-box fancy-box-classic ld_content_box_69d626f89938d\">\n\t\n\t<div class=\"cb-img-container mb-4\">\n\n\t\t<figure class=\"fancy-box-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2278\" height=\"1708\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,&lt;svg xmlns%3D&#039;http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg&#039; viewBox%3D&#039;0 0 2278 1708&#039;%2F&gt;\" class=\"attachment-full size-full ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2278px) 100vw, 2278px\" data-src=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Limestone-Clonbur-scaled-e1602069673475.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Limestone-Clonbur-scaled-e1602069673475.jpg 2278w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Limestone-Clonbur-scaled-e1602069673475-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Limestone-Clonbur-scaled-e1602069673475-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Limestone-Clonbur-scaled-e1602069673475-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Limestone-Clonbur-scaled-e1602069673475-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Limestone-Clonbur-scaled-e1602069673475-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Limestone-Clonbur-scaled-e1602069673475-295x220.jpg 295w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Limestone-Clonbur-scaled-e1602069673475-16x12.jpg 16w\" data-aspect=\"1.3337236533958\" \/><\/figure>\t\t<figure class=\"cb-img-overlay\" data-responsive-bg=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,&lt;svg xmlns%3D&#039;http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg&#039; viewBox%3D&#039;0 0 2560 1920&#039;%2F&gt;\" class=\"invisible ld-lazyload\" alt=\"Sedimentary Rocks\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" data-src=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/cross-stratification-in-Mweelrea-formation-at-Leenane-scaled.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/cross-stratification-in-Mweelrea-formation-at-Leenane-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/cross-stratification-in-Mweelrea-formation-at-Leenane-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/cross-stratification-in-Mweelrea-formation-at-Leenane-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/cross-stratification-in-Mweelrea-formation-at-Leenane-scaled-16x12.jpg 16w\" data-aspect=\"1.3333333333333\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\n\t\t\n\t<\/div><!-- \/.cb-img-container -->\n\n\t<div class=\"fancy-box-contents\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"fancy-box-header\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-weight-semibold\" >Sedimentary Rocks<\/h3>\t\t\t<p>Sedimentary rocks form when small particles, known as sediments, build up over time, layer upon layer, and overlying pressure causes them to compress and cement together, eventually forming a consolidated rock.<\/p>\n<p>The particles can be material that comes off rocks due to weathering and erosion. The resulting sediment particles are transported by various means (e.g. river, glacier, gravity), and finally deposited into layers before being buried and becoming a sedimentary rock.<\/p>\n<p>The particles can also be the remains of ancient marine organisms which have accumulated over time and cemented to form rocks such as limestone and chalk.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div><!-- \/.fancy-box-header -->\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t<\/div><!-- \/.fancy-box-contents -->\n\t\n\t\t\n<\/div><!-- \/.fancy-box fancy-box-classes --><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4 liquid-column-69d626f8baac2\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"  ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\"><style>.ld_content_box_69d626f8bab7c .fancy-box-header h3{color:rgb(0, 152, 160);}<\/style><div id=\"ld_content_box_69d626f8bab7c\" class=\"fancy-box fancy-box-classic ld_content_box_69d626f8bab7c\">\n\t\n\t<div class=\"cb-img-container mb-4\">\n\n\t\t<figure class=\"fancy-box-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,&lt;svg xmlns%3D&#039;http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg&#039; viewBox%3D&#039;0 0 640 480&#039;%2F&gt;\" class=\"attachment-full size-full ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" data-src=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/connemara-marble-e1602069818136.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/connemara-marble-e1602069818136.jpg 640w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/connemara-marble-e1602069818136-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/connemara-marble-e1602069818136-295x220.jpg 295w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/connemara-marble-e1602069818136-16x12.jpg 16w\" data-aspect=\"1.3333333333333\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t<\/div><!-- \/.cb-img-container -->\n\n\t<div class=\"fancy-box-contents\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"fancy-box-header\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-weight-semibold\" >Metamorphic Rocks<\/h3>\t\t\t<p>Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have been changed by heat and pressure. When igneous, sedimentary or even other metamorphic rocks are exposed to high heat and pressure, they will change form and form a new rock. This process does not melt the rock but instead changes the composition of the rock by forming new minerals, from the heat and pressure, from the minerals that were already present in the rock.<\/p>\n<p>This change in rock is known as metamorphism and the rock has now become a metamorphic rock. For example, limestone becomes\u00a0marble, sandstone becomes quartzite, mudstone becomes slate and granite can become gneiss. The original rock, e.g. limestone, sandstone, mudstone or granite, is referred to as the parent rock. The crystals in metamorphic rocks are often aligned in a particular direction, which reflects the direction of pressure the rock was subjected to. This is known as foliation.<\/p>\n<p>Metamorphism often occurs in response to high tectonic activity for example the collision\u200b of two plates, either where one plate is subducted beneath the other, or both plates collide folding upwards and forming mountains.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div><!-- \/.fancy-box-header -->\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t<\/div><!-- \/.fancy-box-contents -->\n\t\n\t\t\n<\/div><!-- \/.fancy-box fancy-box-classes --><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><style>.ld_spacer_69d626f8cba21{height:100px;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"ld-empty-space ld_spacer_69d626f8cba21\"><span class=\"liquid_empty_space_inner\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"EARTH_STRUCTURE\" class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid liquid-row-shadowbox-69d626f8cbb5d\"><div class=\"ld-container container\"><div class=\"row ld-row\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 liquid-column-69d626f8cbc6e\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"   ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\"><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid liquid-row-shadowbox-69d626f8cbcf6\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3\/5 liquid-column-69d626f8cbeeb\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"  ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h4><strong>The structure of the Earth: Core, Mantle, Crust<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>The earth is made up of three distinctly different layers: the crust, the mantle and the core.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Crust<\/strong><br \/>\nThis is the outermost layer of the earth and is made of solid rock. It is mostly made up of two igneous rocks: basalt and granite. There are two types of crust;\u00a0oceanic and continental. Oceanic crust is denser and thinner and mainly com\u200bposed of the mafic igneous rock, basalt.\u00a0Continental crust is less dense, thicker, and mainly composed of the felsic igneous rock, granite.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Mantle<\/strong><br \/>\nThe mantle lies below the crust and is up to 2900 km thick.\u00a0It consists of hot, dense, iron and magnesium-rich\u00a0solid rock.\u00a0The crust and the upper part of the mantle make up the lithosphere, which\u00a0is broken into\u00a0plates, both large and small.\u00a0\u00a0The semi-solid\/ semi-molten state of the asthenosphere permits the tectonic plates above to move, due to the convection currents within.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Core<\/strong><br \/>\nThe core is the centre of the earth and is made up of two parts: the liquid\u00a0outer core and solid\u00a0inner core. The outer core is made of nickel, iron and molten rock. Temperatures here can reach up to 50,000\u00b0C.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-2\/5 liquid-column-69d626f8cc049\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"  ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\"><style>.ld_spacer_69d626f8cc08b{height:100px;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"ld-empty-space ld_spacer_69d626f8cc08b\"><span class=\"liquid_empty_space_inner\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_center  liquid_vc_single_image-69d626f8dcde0\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"517\" height=\"432\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,&lt;svg xmlns%3D&#039;http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg&#039; viewBox%3D&#039;0 0 517 432&#039;%2F&gt;\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-large ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" title=\"earth structure diagram\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 517px) 100vw, 517px\" data-src=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/earth-structure-diagram.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/earth-structure-diagram.jpg 517w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/earth-structure-diagram-300x251.jpg 300w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/earth-structure-diagram-14x12.jpg 14w\" data-aspect=\"1.1967592592593\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><style>.ld_spacer_69d626f8dce41{height:100px;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"ld-empty-space ld_spacer_69d626f8dce41\"><span class=\"liquid_empty_space_inner\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"PLATE_TECTONICS\" class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid liquid-row-shadowbox-69d626f8dcf40\"><div class=\"ld-container container\"><div class=\"row ld-row\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 liquid-column-69d626f8dd1b1\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"   ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\"><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid liquid-row-shadowbox-69d626f8dd28b\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3\/5 liquid-column-69d626f8dd36d\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"  ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h4><\/h4>\n<h4>Plate Tectonics<\/h4>\n<p>The Earth&#8217;s crust and upper mantle\u00a0is broken into many plates called\u00a0tectonic\u00a0plates that are like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. There are seven major plates: the Eurasian, North American, Pacific, South American, Antarctic, Indo-Australian and African plates.<\/p>\n<p>The tectonic plates are in motion and it is thought that they have been in motion since early in Earth&#8217;s history.\u00a0It is due to the movement of plates, i.e. plate tectonics, that some areas of the world experience phenomena such as volcanoes, earthquake and tsunamis.<\/p>\n<p>The areas where these plates meet are known as plate boundaries. There are three types of plate boundary:<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<style>.ld_spacer_69d626f8dd41f{height:100px;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"ld-empty-space ld_spacer_69d626f8dd41f\"><span class=\"liquid_empty_space_inner\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-2\/5 liquid-column-69d626f8dd518\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"  ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\"><style>.ld_spacer_69d626f8dd555{height:100px;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"ld-empty-space ld_spacer_69d626f8dd555\"><span class=\"liquid_empty_space_inner\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_center  liquid_vc_single_image-69d626f8ed64a\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"588\" height=\"401\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,&lt;svg xmlns%3D&#039;http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg&#039; viewBox%3D&#039;0 0 588 401&#039;%2F&gt;\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-large ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" title=\"world map of tectonic plates\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\" data-src=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/world-map-of-tectonic-plates.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/world-map-of-tectonic-plates.png 588w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/world-map-of-tectonic-plates-300x205.png 300w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/world-map-of-tectonic-plates-16x12.png 16w\" data-aspect=\"1.4663341645885\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid liquid-row-shadowbox-69d626f8ed745\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4 liquid-column-69d626f8ed859\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"  ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\"><style>.ld_content_box_69d626f8ed8e9 .fancy-box-header h3{color:#0098a0;}<\/style><div id=\"ld_content_box_69d626f8ed8e9\" class=\"fancy-box fancy-box-classic ld_content_box_69d626f8ed8e9\">\n\t\n\t<div class=\"cb-img-container mb-4\">\n\n\t\t<figure class=\"fancy-box-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"720\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,&lt;svg xmlns%3D&#039;http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg&#039; viewBox%3D&#039;0 0 1200 720&#039;%2F&gt;\" class=\"attachment-full size-full ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" data-src=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/1200px-Continental-continental_constructive_plate_boundary.svg.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/1200px-Continental-continental_constructive_plate_boundary.svg.png 1200w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/1200px-Continental-continental_constructive_plate_boundary.svg-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/1200px-Continental-continental_constructive_plate_boundary.svg-1024x614.png 1024w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/1200px-Continental-continental_constructive_plate_boundary.svg-16x10.png 16w\" data-aspect=\"1.6666666666667\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t<\/div><!-- \/.cb-img-container -->\n\n\t<div class=\"fancy-box-contents\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"fancy-box-header\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-weight-semibold\" >Divergent or constructive plate boundaries<\/h3>\t\t\t<p>The plates diverge, i.e. move away from one another, and this causes new rock to form. This happens when two tectonic plates pull apart and mantle rises up through the opening, forming a new rock when it cools.\u00a0This is how new oceans form. Spreading, the diverging of the two plates, continues at the mid-ocean ridge whilst the ocean is opening. An example of this is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge; the Atlantic Ocean started forming when the North American and Eurasian plates diverged away from one another and new material was formed at the mid-ocean ridge between them.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div><!-- \/.fancy-box-header -->\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t<\/div><!-- \/.fancy-box-contents -->\n\t\n\t\t\n<\/div><!-- \/.fancy-box fancy-box-classes --><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4 liquid-column-69d626f909578\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"  ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\"><style>.ld_content_box_69d626f909625 .fancy-box-header h3{color:#0098a0;}<\/style><div id=\"ld_content_box_69d626f909625\" class=\"fancy-box fancy-box-classic ld_content_box_69d626f909625\">\n\t\n\t<div class=\"cb-img-container mb-4\">\n\n\t\t<figure class=\"fancy-box-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1177\" height=\"720\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,&lt;svg xmlns%3D&#039;http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg&#039; viewBox%3D&#039;0 0 1177 720&#039;%2F&gt;\" class=\"attachment-full size-full ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1177px) 100vw, 1177px\" data-src=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/1177px-Continental-continental_destructive_plate_boundary.svg.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/1177px-Continental-continental_destructive_plate_boundary.svg.png 1177w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/1177px-Continental-continental_destructive_plate_boundary.svg-300x184.png 300w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/1177px-Continental-continental_destructive_plate_boundary.svg-1024x626.png 1024w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/1177px-Continental-continental_destructive_plate_boundary.svg-16x10.png 16w\" data-aspect=\"1.6347222222222\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t<\/div><!-- \/.cb-img-container -->\n\n\t<div class=\"fancy-box-contents\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"fancy-box-header\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-weight-semibold\" >Convergent or destructive plate boundaries<\/h3>\t\t\t<p>The plates converge, i.e. move towards one another, and collide. The result depends on the type of plates involved. It is possible to have the collision of two oceanic plates, an oceanic plate and a continental plate or two continental plates. The Himalayas are an example of the collision of two continental plates. The Indian plate is crashing into the Eurasian plate and is being forced upwards. They are continually growing at an average rate of 1 cm per year, this will be 10 km in 1 million years. In geology, the mountain building process is called an \u2018orogeny\u2019 (from the Greek word for mountain).<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div><!-- \/.fancy-box-header -->\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t<\/div><!-- \/.fancy-box-contents -->\n\t\n\t\t\n<\/div><!-- \/.fancy-box fancy-box-classes --><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4 liquid-column-69d626f91985a\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"  ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\"><style>.ld_content_box_69d626f9198f0 .fancy-box-header h3{color:#0098a0;}<\/style><div id=\"ld_content_box_69d626f9198f0\" class=\"fancy-box fancy-box-classic ld_content_box_69d626f9198f0\">\n\t\n\t<div class=\"cb-img-container mb-4\">\n\n\t\t<figure class=\"fancy-box-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1279\" height=\"720\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,&lt;svg xmlns%3D&#039;http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg&#039; viewBox%3D&#039;0 0 1279 720&#039;%2F&gt;\" class=\"attachment-full size-full ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1279px) 100vw, 1279px\" data-src=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/1279px-Continental-continental_conservative_plate_boundary_opposite_directions.svg.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/1279px-Continental-continental_conservative_plate_boundary_opposite_directions.svg.png 1279w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/1279px-Continental-continental_conservative_plate_boundary_opposite_directions.svg-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/1279px-Continental-continental_conservative_plate_boundary_opposite_directions.svg-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/1279px-Continental-continental_conservative_plate_boundary_opposite_directions.svg-16x9.png 16w\" data-aspect=\"1.7763888888889\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t<\/div><!-- \/.cb-img-container -->\n\n\t<div class=\"fancy-box-contents\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"fancy-box-header\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-weight-semibold\" >Passive plate boundaries (also known as strike-slip or transform boundaries)<\/h3>\t\t\t<p>The plates slide past each other. When the plates move, the jagged edges of the plate snag and catch each other. This can cause the plates to get jammed and create a build-up of pressure. When the plates eventually pass each other, the pressure is released suddenly in the form of an earthquake. The movement of the two plates can either be in opposite directions or in the same direction but at different speeds. The San Andreas Fault in California, USA, is an example of the latter.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div><!-- \/.fancy-box-header -->\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t<\/div><!-- \/.fancy-box-contents -->\n\t\n\t\t\n<\/div><!-- \/.fancy-box fancy-box-classes --><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><style>.ld_spacer_69d626f9291e8{height:100px;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"ld-empty-space ld_spacer_69d626f9291e8\"><span class=\"liquid_empty_space_inner\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"WILSONS\" class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid liquid-row-shadowbox-69d626f92934d\"><div class=\"ld-container container\"><div class=\"row ld-row\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 liquid-column-69d626f929460\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"   ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\"><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid liquid-row-shadowbox-69d626f9294e5\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3\/5 liquid-column-69d626f9295c0\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"  ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h4><strong>Wilson Cycle (Oceans opening and closing)<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p class=\" translation-block\">The <strong>Wilson Cycle<\/strong> is a model of plate tectonics that operates over very long period of geological time and explains the opening and closing of oceans. Continents break up, due to rifting, and diverge away from one another, which forms a new ocean. Eventually the ocean can no longer open, and the two plates start converging towards one another, which closes the ocean that was just created.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-2\/5 liquid-column-69d626f92971d\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"  ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_center  liquid_vc_single_image-69d626f93a748\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"589\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,&lt;svg xmlns%3D&#039;http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg&#039; viewBox%3D&#039;0 0 953 720&#039;%2F&gt;\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-large ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" title=\"953px-Rock_cycle_in_Wilson_Cycle\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" data-src=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/953px-Rock_cycle_in_Wilson_Cycle.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/953px-Rock_cycle_in_Wilson_Cycle.png 953w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/953px-Rock_cycle_in_Wilson_Cycle-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/953px-Rock_cycle_in_Wilson_Cycle-16x12.png 16w\" data-aspect=\"1.3236111111111\" \/><\/div><figcaption class=\"vc_figure-caption\">By Fabirichter - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><style>.ld_spacer_69d626f93a7aa{height:100px;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"ld-empty-space ld_spacer_69d626f93a7aa\"><span class=\"liquid_empty_space_inner\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"GEOLOGICAL_TIME\" class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid liquid-row-shadowbox-69d626f93a8c0\"><div class=\"ld-container container\"><div class=\"row ld-row\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 liquid-column-69d626f93aa94\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"   ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\"><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid liquid-row-shadowbox-69d626f93ab74\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3\/5 liquid-column-69d626f93ac73\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"  ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h4>Geological Time<\/h4>\n<p class=\" translation-block\">Geological time is something that is very hard to picture or imagine. Earth is about <strong>4.5 billion<\/strong> (4500000000) <strong>years old<\/strong>. Geologists have broken up this long length of time into a number of smaller time periods. These periods often coincide with major geological events and mark changes in rock types, mass extinctions of species of plants and animals and changes in climate. This is known as the stratigraphic column and it is what geologists, palaeontologists and many other Earth scientists use to understand and represent geological time and date certain historical events on Earth. It relates to stratigraphy (layers of rock) and can be viewed as a rock core taken from the Earth, with the oldest rock being at the bottom and the youngest rock being at the top. The diagram on the right is perhaps the most used stratigraphic column.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\" translation-block\">The ages of rocks were first determined by <strong>relative dating<\/strong>. Relative dating determines the relative order of past events by comparing the age of one object to another. This determines where in a timescale the object fits, without finding its specific age i.e. you can say one rock is older than the other. There are a few methods of relative dating, such as studying the stratigraphy (study of the order of the rocks) and cross dating. Studying stratigraphy is most effective for dating sedimentary rocks. If the layers of rock are undisturbed, you assume the relative age of rock as the oldest is at the base and the youngest is on top. Cross dating uses fossils to determine the relative age of a rock. Fossil remains have been found in rocks of all ages with the simplest of organisms being found in the oldest of rocks, therefore, the more basic the organism the older the rock is. There are some drawbacks to using relative dating, such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It does not give the actual age of the rock in years.<\/li>\n<li>External forces from plate tectonics or erosion can change the sequence of the rock.<\/li>\n<li>Large gaps in geological information can make dating difficult.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\" translation-block\">The age of Earth has been estimated using <strong>radiometric dating<\/strong>. Radiometric dating is the main way to carry out <strong>absolute dating<\/strong>, where you find the absolute and actual age of an object. This is done by using the half-life of a radioactive isotope of a specific atom found in the minerals of the rocks. The half-life of an isotope is the time it takes for half of the unstable (radioactive) atoms to decay into a stable atom, for example the half-life of Uranium is 4.46 billion years! This means if you had 10g of uranium it would take 4.46 billion years for 5g of it to decay to lead. Using the ratio of uranium to lead as an example, the older the rock, the lower the ratio of uranium to lead. Young rocks will have high uranium content and low lead content whereas very old rocks will have low uranium content and high lead content. By studying the chemical composition of a rock and knowing the half-life of the radioactive isotopes present we can determine the age of the rock in years.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<style>.ld_spacer_69d626f93ad3d{height:100px;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"ld-empty-space ld_spacer_69d626f93ad3d\"><span class=\"liquid_empty_space_inner\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-2\/5 liquid-column-69d626f93ae1e\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"  ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_center  liquid_vc_single_image-69d626f94a9ca\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"315\" height=\"830\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,&lt;svg xmlns%3D&#039;http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg&#039; viewBox%3D&#039;0 0 315 830&#039;%2F&gt;\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-large ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" title=\"stratigraphic column\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 315px) 100vw, 315px\" data-src=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/stratigraphic-column.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/stratigraphic-column.jpg 315w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/stratigraphic-column-114x300.jpg 114w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/stratigraphic-column-5x12.jpg 5w\" data-aspect=\"0.37951807228916\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<style>.ld_spacer_69d626f94aa08{height:50px;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"ld-empty-space ld_spacer_69d626f94aa08\"><span class=\"liquid_empty_space_inner\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"wpb_video_widget wpb_content_element vc_clearfix   vc_video-aspect-ratio-169 vc_video-el-width-100 vc_video-align-left\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_video_wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Earth&#039;s Entire History (Visualized On A Football Field)\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/M8V_glRW1hA?start=27&feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"READ_MAP\" class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid liquid-row-shadowbox-69d626f94b14e\"><div class=\"ld-container container\"><div class=\"row ld-row\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 liquid-column-69d626f94b248\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"   ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\"><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid liquid-row-shadowbox-69d626f94b2cf\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-2\/5 liquid-column-69d626f94b396\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"  ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h4><strong>How do you read a geological map?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p class=\" translation-block\">The different colours on a geological map represent the different rock types found within that area. In the aspiring Joyce Country &amp; Western Lakes geopark, all three rock groups \u2013 igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic \u2013 are present: red represents granite (igneous), blue represents limestone (sedimentary), and beige represents quartzite, marble and schist (all metamorphic). Although the aspiring geopark is an area of complicated geology (this is what makes it internationally significant!), geologists can use clues such as igneous intrusions to help date rocks and get an idea of when they formed. For example, the rock the igneous intrusions are found within had to be there first so that they could intrude in to them. The other features seen on the map are faults, represented as black lines, which are fractures with significant displacement on either side of them, and the sites of interest, which are detailed <a href=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/explore-and-experiece\/geosites-places-of-interest\/\" target=\"_self\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<style>.ld_spacer_69d626f94b438{height:100px;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"ld-empty-space ld_spacer_69d626f94b438\"><span class=\"liquid_empty_space_inner\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3\/5 liquid-column-69d626f94b51c\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"  ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_center  liquid_vc_single_image-69d626f95ca92\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-vc-zoom=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Geology-map-with-shade-and-info-centre-original-compressed-1-1024x724.jpg\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1810\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,&lt;svg xmlns%3D&#039;http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg&#039; viewBox%3D&#039;0 0 2560 1810&#039;%2F&gt;\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" title=\"Geology-map-with-shade-and-info-centre-original-compressed-1\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" data-src=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Geology-map-with-shade-and-info-centre-original-compressed-1-scaled.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Geology-map-with-shade-and-info-centre-original-compressed-1-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Geology-map-with-shade-and-info-centre-original-compressed-1-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Geology-map-with-shade-and-info-centre-original-compressed-1-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Geology-map-with-shade-and-info-centre-original-compressed-1-scaled-18x12.jpg 18w\" data-aspect=\"1.414364640884\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid liquid-row-shadowbox-69d626f95cb71\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 liquid-column-69d626f95cc5f\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"  ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h4><strong>Seeing through the rocks<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Another way of describing the local geology is to look at it in section; i.e. a representation of the various layers of rocks stacked over each other vertically. These are built thanks to rock cores drilled for 100s of metres and other lines of evidence on top of the surficial geological map of above and help understand the structure of the landscape and the contacts between the various types of rocks. All these allow us to reconstruct the geological story of a region.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<style>.ld_spacer_69d626f95cd15{height:50px;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"ld-empty-space ld_spacer_69d626f95cd15\"><span class=\"liquid_empty_space_inner\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid liquid-row-shadowbox-69d626f95cdbb\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3 liquid-column-69d626f95cf8e\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"  ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_center  liquid_vc_single_image-69d626f96eae5\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-vc-zoom=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/JCWL-Geology-Map-with-section-1024x726.png\" width=\"780\" height=\"553\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,&lt;svg xmlns%3D&#039;http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg&#039; viewBox%3D&#039;0 0 1024 726&#039;%2F&gt;\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-large ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" title=\"JCWL Geology Map with section\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" data-src=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/JCWL-Geology-Map-with-section-1024x726.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/JCWL-Geology-Map-with-section-1024x726.png 1024w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/JCWL-Geology-Map-with-section-300x213.png 300w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/JCWL-Geology-Map-with-section-16x12.png 16w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/JCWL-Geology-Map-with-section.png 1277w\" data-aspect=\"1.4104683195592\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-9 liquid-column-69d626f96ebfc\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"  ><div class=\"wpb_wrapper-inner\">\n\t<div  class=\"wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_center  liquid_vc_single_image-69d626f97e724\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<figure class=\"wpb_wrapper vc_figure\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_single_image-wrapper   vc_box_border_grey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"3290\" height=\"510\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,&lt;svg xmlns%3D&#039;http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg&#039; viewBox%3D&#039;0 0 3290 510&#039;%2F&gt;\" class=\"vc_single_image-img attachment-full ld-lazyload\" alt=\"\" title=\"jcwl geol section\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 3290px) 100vw, 3290px\" data-src=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/jcwl-geol-section.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/jcwl-geol-section.png 3290w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/jcwl-geol-section-300x47.png 300w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/jcwl-geol-section-1024x159.png 1024w, https:\/\/joycecountrygeoparkproject.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/jcwl-geol-section-16x2.png 16w\" data-aspect=\"6.4509803921569\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"THE BASICS OF GEOLOGY ROCK TYPESSTRUCTURE OF THE EARTHPLATE TECTONICSWILSON'S CYCLEGEOLOGICAL TIMEREADING GEOLOGICAL MAPS The...","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4801,"parent":5697,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5736","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Geology 101 &#8212; 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